Sunday, August 31, 2014

Anti-Aging Supplements: Do They Work?

Author:  Megan Hazel


The amount of recent information about anti-aging supplements is staggering. Suddenly, everywhere you look there is a new way to turn back the clock and preserve your young skin. Previous products being offered usually came from a lab and included ingredients that you could hardly pronounce let alone relate to. Now, not only are there topical solutions to aging being offered, but there is also relief in the form of vitamin and mineral supplement. It is being strongly suggested that you drink, eat, and topically treat yourself to a more youthful appearance.

A great number of exciting discoveries have been made with regard to how we age, and how we can best prevent it from appearing in our skin. Obviously, we cannot stop the aging process, but we can certainly slow it down and prevent it from making such a marked difference in our appearance. One of the best and most critical ways to do this is to protect ourselves from the sun, which is the ultimate aging factor for most people, especially if you are fair-skinned. However, there are a number of great supplements to take in order to help keep our skin looking young, supple, and beautiful even longer.

A group of molecules called antioxidants are the key to keeping our skin in shape. While antioxidants have been used in the medical and health industries for quite a long time for situations regarding heart health, cardiovascular support, and other physical longevity reasons, they are a relatively new find for the field of skin health. There are a few very beneficial antioxidants that stand out as being the most critical for skin renewal and rejuvenation including Alpha Lipoic Acid, Vitamin C and Vitamin E.

Alpha Lipoic Acid is highly touted as the new addition suggested to use with vitamins C and E because it appears to prevent the deficiency of those vitamins. In other words, by combining alpha lipoic acid with vitamin C and E, the two vitamins are used more efficiently and effectively in the body. Many people take alpha lipoic acid orally in supplement form daily, but you can also find many high-grade cosmetics and skin care products that include it in their formulas if you prefer topical use.

Vitamin C is essential to one�s heath, and is important for everything from skin health to heart health to cellular growth. Also known as ascorbic acid, it is an essential nutrient and cannot be manufactured alone in the body. Therefore, it must be ingested it in order to reap its benefits. The benefits of vitamin C as an antioxidant cannot be overstated; it helps to synthesize collagen in the body, which is all-important for youthful skin and skin elasticity. It also helps in the synthesis of carnitine, an amino acid that transports fatty acids which are also crucial for optimal skin health. Since vitamin C has a very low toxicity level, one cannot easily �overdose� on vitamin C. It is excreted by the body via urine and excessive intake will not damage any organs. Time-release capsules of vitamin C are also available so that the benefits can be gradually accepted by the body throughout the day. While many people get vitamin C through their consumption of fruits and vegetables, supplementing with it is a great idea. As a powerful antioxidant, it protects your body , including your skin, from free radicals which are damaging and aging. As with alpha lipoic acid, some manufacturers of this supplement also make an elixir or topical form to use on the skin. You can experiment with both oral ingestion and topical application and see which combination works best for you.

Vitamin E is another great supplement that should be incorporated into your regimen of anti-aging skin care. It is in a class called tocopherols, and it is a fat-soluble vitamin with strong anti-oxidant properties. This vitamin also protects against free radicals, much like vitamin C. However, whereas vitamin C is water soluble, vitamin E will stay in the fats of the body and be absorbed differently. Vitamin E is wonderful in its role as a beneficial supplement to help reduce the risk of cancer, and in reducing cholesterol. It is also considered a wonderful salve for the skin as well as a good moisturizer. When taken internally, it can help turn back the hands of time with its anti-aging properties. Many people use a topical supplement form that combines both C and E. You can find them in your local health food or vitamin shop, or look at some of the finer cosmetic companies for them.

The skin is the largest organ in the body, so it is important to treat it right! Give your skin the proper nourishment and it will reward you by looking nourished and healthy.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.
 

Saturday, August 30, 2014

The Practice of Good Skin Care is Essential for Staying Young

Author:  Laurel Levine

Stop and listen. The practice of good skin care is essential if your goal is to turn back the hands of time, and enjoy the youthful appearance you thought had escaped you long ago. In order for you to be successful in reducing the wrinkles in your skin, or in eliminating them all together, you need a line of anti aging products working for you that have been developed using healthy, all natural ingredients.

If you think that you are already using healthy products in order to treat your skin, but are not seeing the results that you expected, then you might want to check your labels. Even formulas that come highly recommended, or are heavily marketed as being effective, may not be giving you exactly what it is that you need in order to revitalize your appearance.

Good skin care begins with choosing a set of anti aging skin care formulas that possess a carefully selected blend of all natural ingredients. These natural compounds will provide your skin with all of the nutrition that it needs in order to recover from much of the damage done to it over the years. The products you choose should contain ingredients that are capable of reversing the causes of aging.

What causes the development of wrinkles in the skin is the decline in production of your collagen and elastin, the breakdown of your hyaluronic acid, and oxidative damage done to your cells through free radical activity. In order to return your skin to its former state of glory, the formulas that you choose must be both safe and clinically proven effective. A formula that meets these requirements is a rare find.

The bulk of the cosmetics formulas being offered do not even come close to qualifying as good skin care products. The majority of the formulas being made are mostly comprised of chemically developed synthetics, which don't offer your skin any benefit and could even prove to be dangerous over an extended period of time. The wrinkle reducing compounds in these formulas are typically either useless, or potentially harmful.

Everyone has tried at least one of the anti aging formulas featuring collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid as ingredients, but most of us don't understand why these products didn't work. The truth is that it is impossible for these compounds to make a difference in your appearance, because they are all too molecularly dense for the skin to absorb them.

The other anti aging products that fail to qualify as good skin care products are the ones that contain one or more of the Botox alternatives such as Argireline. What the primary compounds in these products are designed to do is induce sagging in the facial muscles by temporarily paralyzing them. The chance of this paralysis possibly becoming permanent should be enough to keep you away from these products.

Good skin care is the use of all natural products containing Cynergy TK protein and enzyme mixture, and Phytessence Wakame kelp extract. These formulas increase the production of collagen and elastin, stop the breakdown of hyaluronic acid, and supply all of the antioxidants and vital nutrients you need. In other words, they actually work.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Friday, August 29, 2014

What the Best Firming Lotion Should Not Contain

Author:  Dorothy A. Pela


If you are like me, you have been probably looking for that best firming lotion that will deliver on its promise to make your skin look and feel like it used to, back in the glory days of your youth. I also bet that, if you are keen enough, you have been reading every single skin firming lotion review you can get your hands on.

Well, what I will try to do in this article is to throw some light on a common claim that some skin care manufacturers, including some big brand names, make on their products which is in reality false.

Before I tell you about this, let me give you a little background on the question why our skin needs firming lotions in the first place.

All through our lives, our skin has the ability to produce two proteins that are very essential for its function: Collagen and elastin.

Collagen can be found in a layer of the skin beneath the surface called dermis. In fact, it accounts for almost 75% of the total weight of this layer. If you see this layer under the microscope, then will see that collagen is organized in bundles running horizontally through the dermis.

Elastic fibers running through the dermis hold the collagen bundles together. These are made of the protein elastin, and make up less than 5% of the weight of the dermis.

Overall, you can conclude that collagen and elastin, are the primary substances that are responsible for the resilience and elasticity of our skin. As we grow older, the production of these two proteins begins to slow down. As a result, our skin begins to lose its youthful appearance, its radiance, wrinkles start to form and sagging begins to develop.

In response to the peoples' desire to get their hands on the best firming lotion that will restore their skin to its youthful condition, they make a false claim: They say that their own lotion contains collagen and/or elastin which, when rubbed onto the skin's surface, it will penetrate it and replenish the required level of collagen/elastin that your skin needs to in order to reverse the signs of aging.

This is a blatant lie and if you have happened to buy a product yourself after reading about it on a skin firming lotion review, you have wasted your money!

The reason I am saying this is simple: It is a scientific fact that both collagen and elastin molecules are way too big to be able to penetrate the epidermis, i.e. the outer layer of your skin.

What you should be looking for instead, is lotions that contain natural substances that have been clinically proven to stimulate your skin's own production of collagen and elastin.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.


Thursday, August 28, 2014

Stop Sagging Skin Remove Neck Wrinkles

Author:  Margaret Bell

To stop sagging skin and remove neck wrinkles can be and is being done by both men and women.

Let's consider some of the important steps that need to be applied if neck wrinkles are to be successfully removed. The reward is great: a younger appearance gives a feeling of immense self worth.

What Causes Neck Wrinkles

Among other things one of the biggest contributors to wrinkles is:

1. Not enough hyaluronic acid
2. Free radicals
3. Elastic fiber production is low
4. Decreased output of new skin cells

How to Fix Neck Wrinkles

Each of the above causes can be covered if your skin care products have the right ingredients. When you use skin creams that have effective ingredients you will see results in some cases quickly while others respond a little slower. So what are the right ingredients that give the desired result: less wrinkles, if any.

Wakame Kelp Extract

Wakame kelp is a seaweed commonly used in Japan for many years. Modern research has shown that it suppresses enzymatic action that ordinarily break down hyaluronic acid. By increasing or maintaining hyaluronic acid at a normal level will help remove neck wrinkles. Wakame kelp has some antioxidant value.

Coenzyme Q10

CoQ10 has been demonstrated in clinical trials to reduce wrinkling, repair damage caused by the sun, and improve the moisture content of the skin.

Putting CoQ10 directly on the skin will work very well IF it has been formulated correctly; if not it will not penetrate the skin layers. To do this creams that contain a namo-emulsion form will penetrate all skin layers. This will help prevent free radical damage and repair skin cells. This must be done if you want to remove neck wrinkles.

Functional Keratin

Functional keratin increase the production of elastic fibers and skin cells. This will firm up the skin and cause more thickness. Wrinkles are not as deep and fine lines begin to fade. Your appearance is now changing for the better. Check the mirror.

Cynergy TK contains functional keratin, which is found only in a few skin care lines. Cynergy TK increased the moisture content of the skin and helps it keep the moisture.

The better day creams contain, wakame kelp, CoQ10 and Cynergy TK. They also have as effective ingredients: grape seed oil, Babassu wax, marcuja and natural vitamin E. This combination works wonders on removing neck wrinkles and wrinkles anywhere on your body, especially the face.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Wednesday, August 20, 2014

7 Certified Organic Skin Care Tips

Author: David Hompes

Organic skin care is becoming big business. When you are choosing skin care, personal care and cosmetic products, you should become a label detective. This is the only way to ensure you purchase honest and truly natural and organic skin care products.

# 1: Learn To Read Product Labels

Be aware of the Rule Of Thirds:

The top third of the ingredients label generally lists the ingredients that comprise around 90-98% of the product. Most of this is usually water. Read on to find out why this matters!

The middle third generally represents approximately 5-8% of the product.

The bottom third represents around 1-3%.

# 2: Natural skin care is not always natural.

There are two definitions of the world natural.
The dictionary definition: "Existing in or, formed by, nature".
The cosmetic industry definition: "Any ingredient derived from a natural substance".

Manufacturers commonly use the word "natural" on labels to deceive consumers. For example, "Cocamide-DEA derived from coconut oil".

Cocamide-DEA may well be from coconut oil, but a synthetic chemical called diethanolamine is used in the extraction process. It is known to cause cancer. An ingredient is not really natural if it has been processed in this way.

# 3: Organic doesn't mean what you think.

An organic certification on a product label is the only way to guarantee the integrity of a product. The definition of certified organic is as follows:

"An independent third party guarantee of an organic claim".

Always look for a logo that guarantees the product's integrity.

Certified organic products must contain a minimum of 95% organic ingredients excluding water and salt/minerals, with a small allowance for natural, non-organic ingredients that must comply with very stringent processing criteria.

There are two definitions of organic:

Organic chemistry is concerned with substances that contain carbon. Carbon is present in all living things. Legally, the cosmetics industry is allowed to label any product that contains carbon as "organic". So if it contains petrol, it is organic.

Methylparaben is derived from petrochemicals, which are derived from crude oil, which is derived from living matter. It is a widely used preservative in organic skin care products such as body creams, body wash and deodorants:

So effectively methylparaben can legally be labelled as organic. Now, it is worth noting that a recent study reported traces of methylparaben in human breast cancer tumours.

The second definition of organic is, "The sustainable system of agriculture that uses natural substances & methods to create healthy nutrient rich and fertile soils". 

# 4: How much water is in the product?

In personal communication with a leading industry expert, I was told what can actually be meant when companies put "73% Organic" on their labels. Basically manufacturers can place a few organic teabags in a vat of water and let them infuse into the water.

Because the water constitutes 70+ percent of the overall product, the manufacturer is allowed to claim that the product is 73% organic at the top of the label (remember # 1 in this article?).

If you removed the water, the actual organic content of those fancy herbal infusions would probably be less than 0.05% of the total product.

# 5: Be aware of inconsistent labelling standards

In some countries, ingredients that are not allowed in certified organic foods ARE allowed in certified organic personal care and cosmetic products. This represents a lack of continuity or consistency in labelling standards.

How can food and cosmetics products have the same certified organic logo when ingredients that are allowed personal care and cosmetics are not allowed in food? Remember that if it's on your skin, you're drinking it!

# 6: Miracle ingredients don't exist

Vitamin C, vitamin E, coenzyme Q10, active copper and other ingredients may be touted as miracle ingredients. The fact is that there is no miracle ingredient for the skin or hair, just as there is no magic pill for curing illness and disease.

The quality of the skin is a function of feeding the body and skin high quality nutrients over time and keeping the toxin levels of the body as low as possible.

When you use high quality, certified organic products, ALL the ingredients are active. They are ALL beneficial and they all feed the skin.

# 7: If it harms lab animals it will harm you!
Certified Organic personal care products and cosmetics 100% free of ALL synthetic chemicals are available from an Australian Certified Organic company which has passed the stringent USDA Certified Organic standards for food. What this means to you, the consumer, is that the products are guaranteed synthetic chemical free. 
 Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Tuesday, August 19, 2014

Dead Sea Black Mud

Author: Yael Manor


Dead Sea black mud educed from the bottom of the Jordan Dead Sea has immense healing properties. It contains all the essential minerals, which are necessary for the health of skin. Dead Sea black mud consists of magnesium, potassium, calcium and bromine. These minerals retain the moisture in skin, thereby preventing skin hydration.

When a layer of mud is applied carefully on a wound, the wound heals completely and quickly without a sign of any mark.

Apart from this, the fine mud particles cleanse the skin and remove dirt, impurities and other toxins from the skin. It is effective in curing skin disorders such as eczema, wrinkles, acnes and psoriasis and itchy skin. Dead Sea black mud also reduces the condition of arthritis and rheumatism.

It improves and stimulates blood circulation. Dead Sea black mud rejuvenates the skin because it gently peels dead cells and reveals youthful and healthier skin. Various spas and aromatherapy centers use Dead Sea black mud in skin and joints treatments.

It also has anti aging properties because the minerals tighten the skin pores so that skin remains healthy for longer time. Dead Sea black mud does not contain any oil aspect unlike other natural skin products. Hence, when individuals use mud mask on their face and wash it off, the skin glows with radiance, and looks healthy.

Dead Sea black mud strengthens the hair roots if applied to scalp. It prevents hair loss, enhances hair growth and makes hair healthy and lustrous. When tested in laboratory, Dead Sea black mud proved four times more effective compared to other cosmetic brands.

Cosmetic Products:

Dead Sea is not connected to any other water body. As water in Dead Sea evaporates, salt, minerals, and other ingredients present in the water get absorbed at the bottom of seabed. Manufacturers then extract this mud, remove its impurities, package it, and sell it.

The Dead Sea black mud comprises of several layers of sedimentary clay. The high density of minerals has tremendous nourishing as well as healing attributes.

Cosmetic producing companies combine Dead Sea black mud with other extracts to make different products such as cleansing products, moisturizers, cooling masks, and exfoliating and fine line reduction masks, so that users get a firm, scented and healthy skin.

Dead Sea black mud masks work best on all skin types. Dead contains almost 20 different types of rich minerals, which provide restore, regenerate cells, and improve metabolism rate of the cells.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Monday, August 18, 2014

Hair Weaving and Hair Grafting

Author:   Anna Brady

It's the science of weaving or braiding human or synthetic hair to the roots of existing, healthy hair so that it grows along with natural hair, thus giving the impression of a thick growth. It's also called hair integration or hair intensification. It's a procedure appropriate for people with thinning hair. It's not something that requires a hospital visit; it's usually done in salons as a temporary procedure.
 How does it work?  Two or three shafts of hair natural or synthetic are woven into the root area. Some of the natural hair is woven or braided together to act as an anchor, to which the add-on tufts are sewn, woven, knitted or glued. The extensions have to be repositioned every five or six weeks as the natural hair grows out.  Sounds Complex. It is. Apart from the sheer tedium of repeated surgeries, the procedure stresses the existing hair as well. Also, keeping the scalp and hair clean is a problem, as vigorous washing could loosen the new hair. The American Hair Loss Council advises the procedure only for people with plenty of healthy hair, and that too, for periods not longer than a few weeks. A patch test is essential to ensure the person undergoing the procedure is not allergic to any of the adhesives or implants used.  Implants for the hair  A non-surgical implant is the dressed-up term now used for a simple procedure that has been upgraded over the years. Actually, a non surgical implant describes the attachment of a hair system to existing hair with surgical glue, and subsequent trimming to ensure the add-ons blend with natural hair.  What about more long-term solutions?  Hair Graft. This is the most popular surgical method, but it can be done only on people who are partially bald. The results are permanent and can be achieved in four or five sittings. The procedure involves removing hair follicles from the back of the head (where the growth is the most persistent) and implanting them on the pate. This hair grows naturally, requiring no follow-up action. It'll never resemble a thick mane, but it's presentable.  Tissue Expansion  It involves implanting silicon balloons with hair bearing skin on either side of the head. The implants are inside the skin over the ears so that the hair bearing part of the head expands. The expansions are then re-grafted in front of the head, so the hair appears to grow naturally from there. This calls for two surgical procedures, one at the time of implantation and the other for re-grafting.  Any drawbacks to the surgical procedures?  There may be swelling, bruising or mild pain inhibiting normal activity for a couple of days after the procedure. There may also be numbness on the back of the neck, from where a strip of skin is removed. Also, it's important to remember that individual hair types and characteristics- such as wavy or curly hair- affect the results.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Sunday, August 17, 2014

The Need for Hair Systems Today

Author:   Manny Lontok


Baldness is a problem faced by men and women alike. It is a result of both natural and external factors. The necessity for hair systems such as hair pieces and extensions has increased over the years. Our hair is our crowning glory-and that applies both to men and women. Being "follically-challenged" still comes with a certain stigma even with today's level of openness and acceptance. Finding a good quality hair piece is not that hard anymore. There are now so many good options in the market today. Hair systems have been made to look more natural and realistic which is great news for anyone in need of a sensible and high quality hair piece.

Baldness comes in different forms. In hereditary baldness, the hair follicles and oil glands in the scalp deteriorate and the hair gradually becomes thinner until only a few strands of fine, downy hair remain. The most common form of inherited baldness is male pattern baldness, which spreads evenly, usually beginning with a partial loss of hair on the upper temples and on the crown of the head. This condition appears most frequently in men over 30 years old, although in some cases it may occur prematurely, even as early as the mid-teens. This form of heredity baldness may be due in part to the hormonal changes that accompany the aging process.

Women become bald less often than men, but they carry the genes that determine pattern baldness and pass them on to their children. When inherited female pattern baldness does occur, it normally affects menopausal women-that is, women around the ages of 45 to 50 years old, suggesting a link to hormonal changes.

Several diseases, particularly those characterized by prolonged high fevers, may cause baldness. Typhoid fever or scarlet fever can cause sudden loss of hair from the head or entire body. Gradual loss of hair may be caused by malnutrition, disorders of the endocrine system, drug poisoning, and other diseases. Patients of cancer undergoing chemotherapy also experience baldness.

Hair for women is specifically important. It is somewhat a symbol of femininity and beauty and so, women with alopecia find it necessary to have a hair replacement option. Wigs and hair pieces would be the least expensive and most practical. These hair systems come in almost every color, length, and style. Some woman can opt to by several hair pieces to fit all occasions and their mood.

Hair extensions are also a good option. Hair extensions are weaved into your existing hair. You can practically do anything without taking it off. Hair salons offer hair extensions to their clients, meaning, it is very available to you. It's only a matter of putting the hair extension the right way. The best way to put on hair extension is by putting individual strands onto sections of your hair. This way, it is evenly placed and will look natural even up close.

Hair replacement also involves hair transplant. This method of hair replacement is probably the most invasive since it does involve minor surgery. Hair transplant requires the surgeon to transplant skin with active hair follicles onto parts of the head that no longer has any hair growth. This hair replacement method has already come a long way and it has been proven safe. The procedure is the most expensive of your options, but it will last you a lifetime. You'll be spending about $6000 to $20000 for the whole hair replacement procedure.

Hair systems for hair replacement have come very far. Hundreds of options are now available for any budget and any degree of baldness. Make sure you choose a hair replacement method that suits your lifestyle. An abundant head of hair can go a long way with your self-esteem and relationship with other people. 

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Tuesday, August 12, 2014

Skin Care Moisturizer Cream Can Keep Your Skin Smooth and Supple

 Author:  Sylvie Bordeaux
They say beauty is only skin deep, but only a woman knows just how true that is. You can be the prettiest thing in the room, but wrinkled, sun damaged skin can certainly bring your appearance down several notches. Skin care moisturizer cream is just the thing you need to help prevent new wrinkles, reduce the appearance of the wrinkles you have, and help heal sun damaged skin. Whether you struggle with dry skin, combination skin, oily skin, acne, or some other type of skin condition, there is a moisturizer that is made just for you. The only challenge is finding the right moisturizer for you and knowing what to look for. It's all about getting the details right -- what types of moisturizer are best for you and how often to apply them. Luckily for you, we've got the scoop on the best moisturizers for your needs.

Water Based Moisturizers are a No-No

When purchasing moisturizer cream, many women simply do not stop and look at the ingredients. Often women are attracted to a pretty box or a pretty jar with a fancy sounding name without realizing that many of the moisturizers out there contain up to 40% water. Other women make the mistake of going with a water based moisturizer, thinking that water is the most natural moisturizer in the world and that it should do wonders for their skin. Strangely enough, that is not the case. Different all natural ingredients, like Aloe Vera, are better suited for a moisturizer for the face, especially for those looking for anti aging or anti wrinkle benefits. It may not seem like it but water based moisturizers are a recipe for disaster when it comes to dry skin. They dry out your skin even more as opposed to adding much needed moisture.

Consider the Benefits of Natural Aloe Vera

Aloe Vera based creams are different and for those who have only used water based products or for those looking for a change in their present moisturizing routine, this is the best and only alternative. A few of the skin care moisturizer cream products even contain essential fatty acids and other ingredients that actually imitate the natural actions and compositions of your skin. These special ingredients work wonders against drying and breakouts, and makes it easier for the ingredients to be absorbed into the skin. Aloe Vera itself is 100 percent natural, coming straight from the plant of the same name and is known for its healing benefits to damaged skin.

How Often is Too Often?

Depending on your skin and its makeup, you never know how much to moisturize until you figure out what is best for you. If you have normal skin, moisturizing once a day should be sufficient, but if you have dry skin or skin with a condition you may want to consider moisturizing twice daily -- once during the morning hours and once before bed.

Be sure to follow the directions that are specified on the back of moisturizer box or jar for best results and remember that not all moisturizers are created equal. Some of them have specific instructions and are designed to treat different skin conditions so be sure to read the label carefully. Some moisturizers have natural oils, vitamins, lipids, and other ingredients that are designed to smooth and beautify your skin. Be warned that chemicals have been added to other moisturizer creams and these should be strictly avoided.

How do you know which is the best skin care moisturizer cream for you? In all reality, there is no - one size fits all.   Everyone has a different type of skin and unfortunately there is a bit of trial and error that you must go through. You have to find out the hard way sometimes but often you can take shortcuts by getting recommendations from other women with skin similar to yours. Remember though that just because a particular product works for someone else does not necessarily mean that it will work for you. One thing you can be sure of though is that it is pretty hard to go wrong with an Aloe Vera based moisturizer. Aloe Vera can heal damaged skin, moisturize, and even provide some anti aging benefits as well. Plus it doesn't dry out the skin like water based moisturizers do...and it should go without saying that dry skin is much more prone to wrinkles than hydrated, moisturized skin.

The benefits of Aloe Vera are endless and no matter what type of skin you have, you should be able to enjoy the benefits of this all natural ingredient that was discovered more than 3,500 years ago and that is still being used today. An Aloe Vera based moisturizer can help give you healthier, more beautiful skin no matter what kind of skin you have and no matter how much sun damage you have.

Be sure to read the label before buying any moisturizer cream and always, always, always demand an Aloe Vera based moisturizer.

Do you hate fine lines?

Do you hate wrinkles?

Do you hate sun spots?

Do you have old acne scars to get rid of?

Do you want to feel beautiful again?

An Aloe Vera based moisturizer cream just may be the way to go and due to its healing properties, Aloe Vera should be something you look for in any skin care moisturizer cream.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Monday, August 11, 2014

Raccoon Eyes: Get Rid of Puffy Eyes and Dark Circles

Author: Deidra Garcia

For most guys, skin care and grooming should be simple, effective, and most importantly, fast. But go too fast, and it's easy to overlook some of the smaller details. Smaller details that unfortunately make a big impression. For instance, consider the delicate skin around your eyes. There are men who won't allow a single gray hair to crop up without reaching for the clippers or hair dye, and yet wrinkles at the corners of the eyes and dark under-eye circles are left completely untreated. This can pile years on anyone's face, whether they're 21 or 65.

The ironic part is that you can reduce wrinkles, dark circles and puffiness by following some very simple steps that include moisturizing and applying different temperatures to your eye area.

Guidelines for reducing wrinkles:

- Regularly apply an eye cream every night before you go to sleep. Products containing antioxidants, Vitamin K and Kojic Acid are key to preventing and diminishing sagging skin and fine lines.

- Get some sleep. Your whole system, including your skin, needs at least 8 hours a night to recharge and repair any damage. Fitting in those precious ZZZs can be tough, but well worth it in the long run.

To diminish dark "raccoon eyes":

1. Heat up 2 cups of water on the stove until hot, but not boiling.

2. Remove from heat and place an eye mask in the water until it is warm to the touch.

3. Rest the warm mask on your eyes for 15 minutes.

4. Remove mask, pat skin dry and rub a few drops of a moisturizer made specifically for the delicate skin around eyes into the area.

As an alternate remedy, try placing slices of raw potato over your eyes for a few minutes. You might feel ridiculous doing it, but there's a reason it's a time-honored home remedy, potatoes contain an enzyme that lightens pigmentation and reduces dark areas.

To reduce puffy eyes:

1. Place an eye mask in the freezer for 20 minutes.

2. Remove and wrap it in a damp wash cloth.

3. Place over eyes for 10-15 minutes. Cold temperature constricts blood vessels, slightly diminishing the flow of fluid into tissues and reducing puffiness in the process.

4. Finish up by patting eye area dry and applying a moisturizer made specifically for the delicate skin around eyes into the area.


Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com
 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Sunday, August 10, 2014

Shea Butter - Africa's Golden Gift

Author: Lisa Maliga


What Is Shea Butter?  Shea butter is a nut fat, as it is derived from the crushed nuts of the karite tree that grows wild in the African savannah, an area that comprises more than a dozen countries and is approximately the size of America. To a person from Ghana or Burkina Faso, two of the largest exporting countries of shea butter, they are quite accustomed to the benefits of shea butter. They massage it on their skin and hair; they cook with it, and its known to help people of all ages with accelerating the healing of minor cuts, burns, and scrapes. Those who try natural shea butter are amazed to discover that applying all natural shea butter onto their skin, a thin protective layer forms, that is non-greasy!  Shea [Karite] Trees Grow In The Wild  Shea butter comes from karite trees, which live for hundreds of years and only begin providing fruit by the time they are about 25-30 years of age. Most wild [as opposed to cultivated which is very small scale at this time], karite trees are pollinated by small fruit bats, which help to ensure the continued existence for this "tree of life" as those whose livelihood depends on these fruitful trees oftentimes refer to it as. The shea nuts aren't picked from the trees as they must first mature and fall from the trees where they are then collected. Women are responsible for the gathering and production of shea nuts and helping cultivate them into valuable shea butter. The process of harvesting the shea fruit is time consuming, but the results are well worth the amount of effort that goes into each batch of natural shea butter. While the ripe green, fleshy fruit is rich in ascorbic acid as well as vitamin B; it's the kernels inside the nut that comprises the shea butter.  Making Shea Butter The nuts are first sorted and parboiled, and then left to dry in the hot sunshine for up to one week. When the shea nuts are completely dehydrated, they can either be stored for several weeks or months, or they go to the next step of shea butter production. Crushing the dried nuts, either with a wooden pestle, or, in more sophisticated operations, a special press, causes the nuts and the kernels to be separated. Next, the kernels are roasted in large metal pots and processed through a grinder, which results in a brown colored paste. This paste is processed a second time. The labor-intensive procedure continues with the mixing and kneading of the kernels after some water has been added. While this step of the shea butter making production goes on for several hours, it's a vital step as this is what creates the shea butter itself. It's still unrefined, but many people prefer the natural shea butter to the more refined versions. Also, there are places in Africa that have various types of shea refining machinery, allowing the shea extracting process to remain easier for all parties involved. For instance, the shea butter is filtered by a natural cold process method that strains the shea butter of any debris such as dirt, leaves, etc. Most shea butter that is refined in Africa is usually free of hexane solvents that not only bleach and remove many of the vitamins and minerals, but also can remain in the finished product.   Unrefined Shea Butter  This type of shea butter has a wide range of colors and some differences in textures. Generally, unrefined shea butter is that which has been filtered [hopefully] and possibly refined at least once in the most natural cold process method. Beige, light or dark green, gray or dark tan are the colors that unrefined shea butter can end up. The green colors come from shea nuts that are less mature than the beige colors. Shea colors are also dependent upon the time of year the nuts are harvested and processed, along with the region in which the shea nuts are selected from.  While most unrefined shea butter maintains all the vitamins, especially vitamin A and E, and minerals, it also retains its aroma. The scent of unrefined shea is what discourages a lot of people from trying this healing butter, as it can be a rather earthy combination of smoky and nutty. The aroma, while being somewhat strong, depending upon the shea butter and your sense of smell, does disappear after it has been applied to your skin within a matter of minutes. Unrefined shea butter's texture can vary from smooth and creamy; think commercial smooth peanut butter, to hard, waxy and/or chunky, such as a crunchy peanut butter. Those of you who have never been around shea butter before would be understandably put off if, upon opening a jar, you found a smelly and crunchy looking product! But after an experimental dab or two, you will discover that shea butter does leave your skin looking and certainly feeling smoother and softer than it did pre application.  Refined Shea Butter  Actually there are two categories here: Ultra-Refined and Refined. The first type is usually white to cream colored, has no discernable nutty/smoky scent, and is smooth and creamy. The difficulty with ultra or even refined shea butter, is in knowing whether that product has been commercially refined to remove its minerals and vitamins with a hexane solvent. Also, shea butter can be bleached to make it appear even lighter. One way to determine a shea butter's authenticity is to see if it has been cold-pressed, sometimes called cold-processed or expeller-pressed.  The Refined shea, which ranges in color from white to beige, is sometimes referred to as gently refined, has had some of its vitamin/mineral properties removed in the process of refining, but it does retain a bit of a beige or light tan color and nutty aroma. The texture can be either creamy or chunky.  The ideal shea butter would feel creamy and smooth and be absorbed into your skin quickly. Also, the nutty and/or smoky scent should be lighter. Shea butter can be mixed with fragrances and essential oils to completely change the aroma, making it sweet, spicy, fruity, floral, herbal, etc.  While shea butter is added to a myriad of bath & body products, the best way to sample the delights of this African butter is to buy a small jar and try it for yourself to learn what is so great about shea butter.  Shea Butter's Benefits  Many web sites will sell shea butter in various sizes, containers, prices, and types. They might have some information about shea butter on the site, or you may have to do some online research to discover more about this product. Either way, be informed before purchasing shea butter. If a site tells of wonderful things happening after just one application, other than the fact that it soothes skin, please use your own judgment. Like any new product out there, a lot of hype can be attached to it. Shea butter, as you've just read, is a skin soothing nut fat that may be very beneficial and here are some reasons:
  • Shea butter can be used as an all-natural hair conditioner.
  • Shea butter promotes quicker healing of small wounds, burns, cuts and scrapes.
  • Shea butter is an efficient natural makeup remover.
  • Shea butter is safe to use on babies, children and adults.
  • Shea butter helps prevent and soothe sunburns.
  • Shea butter is high in vitamins A and E.
  • Shea butter helps moisturize dry skin.
  • Shea butter soothes sore, overworked muscles.
  • Shea butter is recommended for conditioning animal's coats.
  • Shea butter makes an excellent natural lip balm.
  • Shea butter helps restore elasticity of aging skin.
Does shea butter cure serious skin conditions such as eczema and psoriasis? There have been some testimonials to that effect, yes. But in actuality, if you were to have a somewhat serious or persistent skin problem, you should consult with a healthcare practitioner or dermatologist. Shea butter is not recommended for people with nut or latex allergies. Or you could find out by trying shea butter. Whenever considering trying a natural remedy, you should be responsible and do your research both on and off-line. The choice to use a new product is always up to each individual.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Thursday, August 07, 2014

Skin Firming Face Cream-Top Tips to Tighten Skin

Author: Margaret Bell


What makes a firming face cream work? Will it work for you? This article will fully answer those questions plus give you some top tips to tighten your face skin.

The best skin firming neck and face cream consists of ingredients that really work.

A neck and face cream to be safe and effective will have plant and other natural compounds. Much of the heavily advertised skin products have ingredients that can damage your face, neck and body skin. This article will alert you to some of what is good and what is bad in skin care products.

Harmful Ingredients

One of the biggest offenders found in skin firming cream is petrolatum. Petrolatum, also known as, petroleum jelly is commonly used in just about everything. It is really a by-product from crude oil. When used on the skin it has a 'clogging' nature to the pores. Just because it feels good doesn't mean it is.

Petrolatum is usually concealed as mineral oil which sounds very healthful. Liquid petrolatum is mineral oil. It and other petroleum products have been suspected as having cancer connections. Don't use it if all possible. There are safe alternatives.

Ingredients That Are Safe

-Grape Seed Oil
-Avocado Oil

An excellent ingredient for skin firming is grape seed oil. It is an antioxidant, which means it combats those free radicals that do cell damage. Free radicals can cause wrinkles. Another very good ingredient is avocado oil. Avocado oil is best used at bedtime since it is a little heavy for using during the day.

The goal in skin care is: If you look younger - you will feel younger. Firming skin or tightening skin is necessary to smoothing out skin wrinkles.

A good way, if not the best way, is to grow new skin. Protein helps do this. But as we age, skin doesn't restore as it did when younger. The body skin needs help to renew skin growth. Nutrition is vital. Applying a skin firming cream with healthful nutrients is essential. Also taking a good fish oil supplement will help inside and outside of the body.

Some Skin Firming Creams Are Useless

That sounds tough but it is true. Some are highly promoted on TV infomercials that are just plain junk. Expensive department stores hawk skin care products that smell great but have harmful fragrances. They are full of mostly synthetic ingredients that are cheap to make and do little for skin firming.

Imitation ingredients or synthetic compounds can be very dangerous. For example, paraben is a name you will find in many skin products. Paraben is a preservative to extend shelf life of the product so it doesn't spoil quickly. Parabens are under suspicion because they have been found in breast cancer patients. It is best not to use any kind of paraben; they are not necessary.

Make Better Choices

Vitamin E is a preservative that is natural and safe. You will find it in quality skin firming face and neck creams. It should be natural vitamin E not synthetic. Ask the manufacturer which one they use. Combine vitamin E with grape seed extract and you have a very powerfully effective facial and neck cream.

Another Skin Care Danger

Fragrances are used quite commonly used in many products. A fragrance is never defined by skin care producers; they are not required by law to do so, so they don't. But as it is many people are very sensitive to some fragrances. The ingredients in the fragrance are usually some concoction of chemicals to make the skin product smell good. But in fact the "smell" good can do you harm.

Fragrances often cause some people to have sneezing bouts, itchy throats and watery eyes. Around the face, neck and eyes is no place for something that will cause irritation. Avoid fragrances. Who knows what they really are doing to us. Again, read the label. Protect your health. Avoid parabens, fragrances and over the counter type products.

The best skin firming face and neck cream should have not one drop of parabens nor fragrances. It should contain real natural ingredients not synthetic ones. I hope this brief article has given you some food for thought on selecting safe skin care products especially neck and face firming creams. For more information see my website listed below for the best skin firming face cream.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Wednesday, August 06, 2014

7 Quick Hair Care Fixes

 Author: Donna Monday


Are you having a bad hair day, but short on time? Here's some quick fixes to common hair problems. 

Add Volume to Hair - Tip your head upside down and mist hair roots with hairspray. Style hair as usual.  Revive Limp Straight Hair - Separate your hair into three or four sections on top and at the sides of your face. Mist each section with volumizing spray. Roll your hair up with one or two inch Velcro rollers. Blow dry your hair and keep rollers in until hair has cooled. Take rollers out and style.  Revive Limp Curly Hair -  Part your hair into four or five sections. Curl each section with a curling iron. Finish with a small application of light pomade.  Smelly Hair Fix -  Add a few drops of perfume into a spray bottle filled with water. Spritz hair all over. Or, apply a little bit of baby powder into your hair and brush it in.  Tame Frizzy Curls -  Spritz your hair with water from a spray bottle or scrunch sections of hair with a damp washcloth. Apply a dime size amount of curl enhancer product all through your hair. Let hair dry naturally.  Tame Unruly Bangs -  Apply a styling product to your bangs. Hold bangs out from your face with a brush or your fingers. Blow dry your bangs in the direction you wish your hair to settle. Example: If you want your bangs to lay down straight, then aim the blow dryer downward.  Untangle Ratty Hair Knots -  Spray a leave-in conditioner on the hair knots. Use a wide-tooth comb and carefully pick out the knot starting at the end. For really stubborn knots, try applying a silicone product like Frizz Ease before combing out.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Tuesday, August 05, 2014

Skin Care for Men of Color

Author: Deidra Garcia

While most skin problems affect all ethnicities equally, some problems tend to affect African-American skin differently or more frequently. These differences suggest that black men should pay special attention to their skincare routines, especially since some products can even discolor or damage darker skin tones.

1. Ingrown hairs. While most men have suffered from ingrown hairs or razor burn, black men are especially prone to this condition because of their highly-curved body hairs. Because the hair tends to be more tightly curled, it has a greater chance of curving and growing back into the skin after shaving. This causes painful shaving bumps and irritation on the face and neck, and can only become more aggravated with further shaving.

Although it's a common problem, there's no need to simply accept it as a natural danger of shaving: by keeping skin exfoliated, changing your razor after 4-5 uses and following with a product with dermatologically-active ingredients, you can greatly reduce the occurrence of ingrown hairs. If you find yourself suffering a great deal from these skin irritations, consider cutting down on the amount of times you shave, since frequent shaving too close to the skin will trap hairs inside the follicles.

2. Dark Spots and Hyperpigmentation. Dark areas can often appear on African-American skin when scarring occurs, whether from cuts, acne or burns. These dark spots and uneven skin tone (called "hyperpigmentation") will usually fade over time, but some ingredients can definitively help even skin color and promote a smoother surface. Hydroquinone, Kojic Acid and Vitamin C are used regularly by dermatologists and skincare professionals to fade dark areas and balance skin tone. These products often take 4-8 weeks to see maximum results, and they have been known to cause irritation in some men, so you should consult a dermatologist if you have sensitive skin or if irritation persists.

Regular, gentle exfoliation is also a good way to improve skin tone because it removes the top layer of dead skin cells and allows new, healthier cells to appear. By removing the upper layer, it also allows ingredients such as Hydroquinone to more effectively treat the skin. When using a product such as this, make sure you protect your skin well from the sun�s rays, since sun exposure stimulates pigment production and can re-darken areas.

3. Dry, Ashy Skin. Black men with very dry skin often have an ashy or gray appearance, so it's important to keep skin well-moisturized and reinforced with nurturing vitamins to promote a smoother, healthier look. Because hot water can pull moisture from the skin's surface, avoid long, hot showers and take quick lukewarm ones instead. Wash with a gentle liquid cleanser instead of bar soap (since bar soap can actually dry out skin), and put an active moisturizer on within five minutes of stepping out of the bathtub. This will lock moisture into your pores, promoting a smoother, more even appearance. Use an oil-free moisturizer that contains nutrients like Aloe, Hyaluronic Acid, Squalene and Vitamins A, D, and E, and don't forget about the delicate area around your eyes.

4. Sun Protection. A common misconception about darker-toned skin is that it cannot burn or be damaged by the sun. Although African-American skin contains more melanin (skin pigment) which offers greater protection against the sun's rays, it is still at risk for a number of sun-related diseases. In fact, African-American men are often at a higher risk because it is often harder to detect changes in skin marks or discolorations. This means it may take longer for a person to seek treatment, by which time the damage could have spread even further. Protecting your skin from the sun is a serious business, but it can be as easy as using a sunscreen of SPF 15 or higher that offers protection from both UVA and UVB rays, and reapplying it often. 


Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 

http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.

Monday, August 04, 2014

Protect Aging Sagging Skin with All Natural Ingredients

Author: Laurel Levine


Let's face it. If you are to be successful in returning firmness and elasticity to your aging sagging skin, then your only option is the use of a skin care product developed from all natural ingredients. There is a wealth of anti aging benefits available through nature, as plant based oils and extracts, protein complexes, and enzymes provide your skin with the antioxidants it needs, and other essential nutrients as well.

There are natural compounds that are available that can virtually halt the decomposition of your collagen, elastin, and hyaluronic acid brought on by enzyme activity. Some specially developed compounds have been found to have the ability to jumpstart your declining collagen and elastin production. It is simply amazing what some of these compounds can do to change the look and feel of your skin.

With natural compounds that provide everything your aging sagging skin needs, why are their so many of us still locked in a battle to reduce skin slackening, and reduce wrinkles? It is because despite all of the wonderful, effective components that the cosmetic companies could be using in the development of their formulas, they opt to make their formulas using low grade synthetics. There is a simple reason why they do this.

Natural compounds require specific processes to be performed in order that the substances maintain their highest level of effectiveness. Natural compounds for firming the skin are chosen based on certain properties which make them effective weapons against wrinkles and skin slackening. The processing required costs the manufacturers time and money, which is why natural ingredients are not often chosen.

What you end up with are products developed for the treatment of aging sagging skin that contain such useless compounds such as animal derived collagen, elastin, or hyaluronic acid. I call these compounds useless, because the truth is they are too dense for your skin to even absorb them. Other products even contain compounds that will temporarily paralyze your muscles, and cause them to sag.

The truth is that there are regulatory agencies considering banning the use of these �muscle relaxing� topical compounds, because their have been unconfirmed complaints that some users were not getting back full control of all of their facial muscles. I certainly hope that they do pull these compounds if they are actually doing people harm. It is irresponsible for the cosmetic companies to be including potentially harmful compounds in their formulas.

What you need for the safe and effective treatment of your aging sagging skin are the ingredients that I alluded to earlier. Phytessence Wakame kelp extract and grape seed oil will dramatically slow the enzyme driven destruction of your tissues and polymer, while the specially developed Cynergy TK and Nano-Lipobelle H-EQ10 significantly increase your collagen and elastin production. These compounds will have you looking younger in no time at all.

Make no mistake about it. When looking for a cure for your aging sagging skin, be sure that you choose a formula that gives you the best chance of success. All natural is the way to go when attempting to become younger looking.

Article Source:   http://www.articlecity.com

 
http://www.satinhaircare.com

Disclaimer: The opinion(s) expressed by the contributing author of the article reflected above is the author’s own, and we bear no responsibility for the contributing author’s opinions.
We intend to provide readers with news and information. It is not intended to give personal medical advice, which should be obtained directly from a physician. Acting on any information provided herein without first consulting a physician is solely at the reader’s risk.